Abstract Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) performed with and without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) support has been widely discussed in the literature. However, little is known about the outcomes of those techniques in Brazil. This study aims at exploring 30-day mortality and morbidity outcomes of on- and off-pump isolated CABG in a large sample from Southern Brazil. Methods: A single-center cohort with 1,767 patients undergoing isolated CABG (January 2013 - December 2018) was initially evaluated. Patients undergoing off-pump (N=397) and on-pump (N=1,370) CABG were identified. To obtain two completely homogeneous study groups, propensity score matching was used. The paired groups were compared by descriptive and univariate analyses. Then, logistic regression was used to verify the effects of on- and off-pump CABG on 30-day mortality. Results: None of the baseline characteristics showed significant difference between the groups (P>0.05). None of the analyzed morbidity outcomes showed any difference between the groups, including acute myocardial infarction (3.0% vs. 1.5%; P=0.192), stroke (2.4% vs. 4.2%; P=0.193), and major reoperation (0.6% vs. 0.3%; P=1.000), as well as the major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events composite outcome (6.3% vs. 7.5%; P=0.541). Mortality also did not differ (1.5% vs. 2.4%; P=0.401), and CPB support was not an independent predictor of risk for 30-day mortality (odds ratio: 2.052; 95% confidence interval: 0,609-6.913; P=0.246). Conclusion: After matching by propensity analyses, similar rates of on- and off-pump 30-day mortality and other major outcomes were observed. In addition, the use of CPB support was not an independent predictor of risk for the occurrence of 30-day mortality.

Objetivo: Comparar desfechos intrahospitalares em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia da aorta torácica e toracoabdominal, antes e após a constituição do Centro Especializado de Tratamento da Aorta (CTA). Métodos: Coorte prospectiva com controle não contemporâneo. A criação do CTA envolveu treinamento cirúrgico especializado, sala híbrida, monitorização neurológica, capacitação de pessoal de apoio, aperfeiçoamento dos registros e uso de protocolos específicos. Foram incluídos 332 pacientes operados em 2 períodos: janeiro/2003 a dezembro/2007 (pré-CTA, n=157, 47,3%); e janeiro/2008 a dezembro/2010 (CTA, n=175, 52,7%). As características demográficas, clínicas, dados cirúrgicos, complicações e mortalidade hospitalar foram comparados nos 2 grupos. Resultados: A idade média foi 58±14 anos, com 65% sexo masculino. O grupo CTA teve idade, prevalência de diabete (DM) e glicemia maiores; menor prevalência de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e insuficiência cardíaca; maior proporção de aneurismas e cirurgias eletivas; e mais procedimentos endovasculares que o pré-CTA. Na análise univariada, o grupo CTA mostrou redução de mortalidade (9,7% x 23,0%, P=0,008), que foi consistente nos diferentes subgrupos estratificados por patologia e por procedimento. O grupo CTA teve também redução de reoperações (5,7% x 11%, P=0,046), complicações maiores (20,6% x 33,1%, P=0,007), acidente vascular cerebral (4,6% x 10,9%, P=0,045) e sepse (1,7% x 9,6%, P=0,001), comparado ao pré-CTA. Na análise multivariada, o CTA se associou de forma independente a redução de mortalidade hospitalar (OR=0,23, IC 95% 0,08 - 0,67, P=0,007). A redução de mortalidade do CTA também ocorreu na análise estratificada por patologia (cirurgias de aneurisma, OR=0,18, IC 95% 0,03 - 0,98, P=0,048; cirurgias de dissecção, OR=0,31, IC 95% 0,09 - 0,99, P=0,049) e por procedimento (híbridos, OR=0,07, IC 95% 0,007 - 0,72, P=0,026; Bentall, OR=0,18, IC 95% 0,038 – 0,904, P=0,037). Também foram preditores independentes de mortalidade a creatinina pré-operatória (OR=1,7, IC 95% 1,1-2,6, P=0,008), a cirurgia de urgência (OR=5,0, IC 95% 1,5-16,7, P=0,008) e o aneurisma toracoabdominal (OR=24,6, IC 95% 3,1-194,1, P=0,002). Conclusão: O tratamento cirúrgico de patologias da aorta torácica e toracoabdominal em centro especializado, em comparação ao tratamento usual, se associou a menor incidência de complicações e mortalidade global.

Objective: To compare in-hospital outcomes in aortic surgery in our cardiac surgery unit, before and after foundation of our Center for Aortic Surgery (CTA). Methods: Prospective cohort with non-concurrent control. Foundation of CTA required specialized training of surgical, anesthetic and intensive care unit teams, routine neurological monitoring, endovascular and hybrid facilities, training of the support personnel, improvement of the registry and adoption of specific protocols. We included 332 patients operated on between: January/2003 to December/2007 (before-CTA, n=157, 47.3%); and January/2008 to December/2010 (CTA, n=175, 52.7%). Baseline clinical and demographic data, operative variables, complications and in-hospital mortality were compared between both groups. Results: Mean age was 58±14 years, with 65% male. Group CTA was older, had higher rate of diabetes, lower rates of COPD and HF, more non-urgent surgeries, endovascular procedures, and aneurysms. In the univariate analysis, CTA had lower mortality (9.7 vs. 23.0%, P=0.008), which occurred consistently across different diseases and procedures. Other outcomes which were reduced in CTA included lower rates of reinterventions (5.7 vs 11%, P=0.046), major complications (20.6 vs. 33.1%, P=0.007), stroke (4.6 vs. 10.9%, P=0.045) and sepsis (1.7 vs. 9.6%, P=0.001), as compared to before-CTA. Multivariable analysis adjusted for potential counfounders revealed that CTA was independently associated with mortality reduction (OR=0.23, IC 95% 0.08 – 0.67, P=0.007). CTA independent mortality reduction was consistent in the multivariable analysis stratified by disease (aneurysm, OR=0.18, CI 95% 0.03 – 0.98, P=0.048; dissection, OR=0.31, CI 95% 0.09 – 0.99, P=0.049) and by procedure (hybrid, OR=0.07, CI 95% 0.007 – 0.72, P=0.026; Bentall, OR=0.18, CI 95% 0.038 – 0.904, P=0.037). Additional multivariable predictors of in-hospital mortality included creatinine (OR=1.7 [1.1-2.6], P=0.008), urgent surgery (OR=5.0 [1.5-16.7], P=0.008) and thoracoabdominal aneurysm (OR=24.6 [3.1-194.1], P=0.002). Conclusion: Thoracic aorta surgery in specialized center was associated with lower incidence of complications and all-cause mortality as compared to usual care.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o impacto das contra-indicações para transplante cardíaco na mortalidade e no tempo de sobrevida dos pacientes submetidos a ventriculectomia parcial esquerda. MÉTODO: Ensaio clínico não controlado, prospectivo, de uma coorte de 43 pacientes com contra-indicação para transplante, submetidos a ventriculectomia. Foram analisadas as seguintes contra-indicações: psicológicas, socioculturais, idade superior a 65 anos, hiperresistência arteriolar pulmonar e hipertensão arterial pulmonar e recusa do paciente ao transplante. A análise estatística incluiu testes do Qui-quadrado, o método atuarial de Kaplan-Meier, o teste do"log-rank", a regressão de Cox, os intervalos de confiança de 95% e a probabilidade p, considerada significativa quando inferior a 0,05. RESULTADOS: As contra-indicações para transplante que resultaram em maior mortalidade após a ventriculectomia foram as socioculturais (p = 0,037), psicológicas (p = 0,037) e a aceitação do transplante (p = 0,017). Tiveram impacto negativo no tempo de sobrevida pós-operatório as contra-indicações psicológicas (p = 0,0466), a idade superior a 65 anos (p = 0,0397) e a aceitação do transplante (p = 0,0306). A presença de hiperresistência arteriolar pulmonar e/ou de hipertensão arterial pulmonar não interferiu na mortalidade e no tempo de sobrevida após a ventriculectomia. CONCLUSÃO: Algumas contra-indicações para transplante tiveram impacto prognóstico desfavorável na mortalidade e no tempo de sobrevida após a ventriculectomia parcial esquerda, a qual não se revelou tratamento alternativo efetivo para este grupo de pacientes.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the impact of the contraindications for heart transplantation in mortality and survival time after partial left ventriculectomy. METHOD: A prospective clinical study of a cohort of 43 patients submitted to partial left ventriculectomy, in whom there were contraindications for heart transplantation was performed. The following contraindications were analyzed: psychological, sociocultural, age of 65 years of age and older, elevated pulmonary arteriolar resistance and pulmonary arterial hypertension and the refusal or not for transplantation. These variables were tested for association with postoperative mortality and survival time after partial left ventriculectomy. Statistical analysis included the Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, non-parametric log-rank test, Cox regression model, 95% confidence intervals and p values (significant if less than 0.05). RESULTS: Higher postoperative mortality rates for partial left ventriculectomy were found when the following contraindications of heart transplantation were present preoperatively: poor sociocultural conditions (p = 0.037), psychological disturbances (p = 0.037) and in patients who accepted heart transplantation even when counseled against this procedure (p = 0.017). Survival time was significantly shortened in the presence of psychological disturbances (p = 0.0466), in patients older than 65 years (p = 0.0397) and in those who did not accept heart transplantation (p = 0.0306). Elevated pulmonary arteriolar resistance and pulmonary arterial hypertension were not associated with higher mortality rates or shortened survival time. CONCLUSION: Some of the contraindications for heart transplantation adversely affected the mortality and survival time after partial left ventriculectomy, thus revealing the ineffectiveness of this alternative procedure in this subset of patients.

INTRODUÇÃO: O emprego de stents auto-expansíveis no tratamento das afecções da aorta descendente apresenta-se como uma nova alternativa, e o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o seu desempenho. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: No período de abril de 1998 a novembro de 2000 (32 meses), foram operados 144 pacientes com doenças da aorta, sendo 66 (45,83%) dissecções, 50 (34,72%) aneurismas e 28 (19,44%) outros procedimentos com operação da aorta associada. Implantamos 37 stents auto-expansíveis na aorta descendente com acesso transesternal, circulação extracorpórea, hipotermia profunda (18°C-20°C) e parada circulatória com perfusão cerebral retrógrada. Foram 21 (56,76%) dissecções agudas tipo B, 9 (24,32%) aneurismas e dissecções crônicas tipo B e 7 (18,92%) dissecções agudas tipo A. A idade média dos pacientes era de 57,95 ± 11,66 anos, sendo 64,86% do sexo masculino. O acompanhamento foi de 32 meses (16,36 ± 10,29 meses) em 87,5% dos pacientes com entrevistas aos médicos assistentes de regiões distantes, ecocardiograma e tomografia computadorizada a cada 12 meses no ambulatório da Santa Casa. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade cirúrgica (30 dias) foi de 13,51%, sendo 9,52% nas dissecções agudas tipo B, 28,57% nas dissecções agudas do tipo A e 11,22% nos aneurismas e dissecções crônicas tipo B. As curvas de sobrevivência em 12, 24 e 33 meses são, respectivamente, 87,92%, 82,75% e 74,48%. Estão livres de eventos 70,15% dos pacientes, ao final de 33 meses. Dois óbitos hospitalares não foram relacionados ao procedimento, se fossem excluídos teríamos uma mortalidade hospitalar de 8,10%, o mesmo acontecendo a 1 óbito tardio. O implante de stent isolado ocorreu em 40,5% dos pacientes, 3 apresentaram vazamentos distais pára-protéticos e vêm sendo acompanhados. CONCLUSÃO: Os implantes de stents intraluminais auto-expansíveis apresentaram uma mortalidade hospitalar de 13,51%, mortalidade em 12, 24 e 33 meses de 9,37%, 3,44% e 3,57%, com 70,15% dos pacientes livre de eventos em 33 meses de seguimento, tornando o método factível e diminuindo a mortalidade no tratamento cirúrgico das dissecções agudas e crônicas do tipo B.

INTRODUCTION: The authors describe the implantation of an endovascular self-expanding stents grafts at 33 months of follow-up. The use can be a new alternative for the treatment of descending aortic dissections and aneurysms disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From April 1998 to November 2000 (32 months), 37 endovascular stent grafts were implanted, 21 in acute dissections type B, 7 in acute dissections type A and 9 in chronic dissections type B and aneurysms ones. The age varied between 39 and 79 years (mean=57.94 ± 1.91 years), considering that 64.86% were male patients. The patients were submitted to median esternotomy, extracorporeal circulation (ECC), with deep hipothermia (18-20ºC), total circulatory arrest (TCA), and retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP). The transverse aorta was incised and the stent was implanted in the descending proximal aorta with the aid sometimes of aortoscopy. The times of ECC, aortic clamping, TCA, RCP, rewarming, mechanic ventilation, hospitalization, trans and post-operative bleeding, blood replacement, events curve and survival curve were analyzed. RESULTS: The hospital mortality (30 days) was 13.51%; 32 have been followed up from 1 to 33 months, 70.7% are free of events and survival curve with 63.19% (33 months). CONCLUSIONS: The implant of self-expanding intraluminal stent grafts presented has lower hospital mortality in the acute phase and follow-up in acute aortic dissections type B (10%) than clinical treatment (IRAD). In spite of the small sample the procedure is promising and needs longer follow-up.

Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare soft tissue infection and a life-threatening emergency, often fatal. Its incidence and management are described plentifully in the medical literature regarding the most common anatomical sites involved like the abdomen, lower and upper limbs, and perineum. However, available data and case reports of chest wall necrotizing fasciitis after thoracic procedures are scarce, mainly after major cardiac operations. We report and discuss a case of necrotizing fasciitis of the chest wall occurring in the immediate postoperative period of a cardiac procedure, and include a brief review of the concepts, pathophysiology, and treatment reported in the medical literature. We emphasize the need for early diagnosis and urgent and effective surgical debridement. Of importance is the fact that we have not found any references in the literature to cases similar or equal to the one we describe here, which occurred in the postoperative period of a cardiac procedure.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados e a viabilidade da ventriculectomia parcial esquerda (VPE) como ponte para transplante cardíaco (TX). DELINEAMENTO: Estudo de coorte histórica e prospectivo. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e três pacientes (pts) foram submetidos a VPE em um período de 5 anos. Destes, 7 pts com contra-indicação inicial ao TX, idades variando de 37 a 64 anos, 5 homens e 2 mulheres, com miocardiopatia dilatada, foram subseqüentemente relistados e transplantados. Foram analisados a fração de ejeção (FE), o diâmetro diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo (DDFVE), a CF da NYHA, o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 máx) e os escores de qualidade de vida (QV) antes da VPE, aos 3 e 6 meses, e pré-transplante. RESULTADOS: Os valores expressos a seguir referem-se, respectivamente, àqueles obtidos antes da VPE, aos 3 e 6 meses e antes do TX. Variação da CF da NYHA: 3,71±0,49, 2,57±1,13 (p=0,011), 3,0±1,29 e 3,86±0,38. Evolução da FE: 25,17±6,15, 35,5±8,41 (p=0,013), 32,33±7,12 e 26,17±3,76. Variação do DDFVE: 79,16±10,85, 67,66±9,2, 65,83±9,57 e 64,25±8,99. O VO2 máx era de 8,12±3,47 antes da VPE e de 13,2±7,75 aos 6 meses (p=0,068). Variação dos escores de QV: 4,29±1,25, 3,0±1,41 (p=0,050), 3,29±1,8 e 4,57±1,13. Foram transplantados 7/53 pts (13,20%). A sobrevida, até a data do transplante, variou de 7 a 37 meses (18,71±11,78 meses). O seguimento foi de 100%. CONCLUSÃO: A curto prazo melhoraram a CF da NYHA, a QV, o VO2 máx, o DDFVE e a FE dos pts. Estes resultados sugerem a possibilidade da indicação da VPE como ponte para TX. Entretanto, a mortalidade elevada no primeiro semestre pós-operatório limita a sua indicação rotineira como ponte para TX. Estudos futuros poderão validar ou não esta possibilidade.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the suitability of Partial Left Ventriculectomy (PLV) as a bridge to transplantation. BACKGROUND: Cohort study, prospective. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-three patients were submitted to PLV in a time frame of 5 years. Seven out of 53 patients, ages ranging from 37 to 64 years old, 5 males and 2 females, all with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, were transplanted afterwards. Ejection fraction, NYHA functional classes, maximum oxygen consumption, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and Quality of Life Scores were analysed preoperatively and then at three and six months and immediately before transplantation. RESULTS: The numerical values mentioned below are referred to the data obtained pre-ventriculectomy, at 3 and 6 postoperative months and immediately before transplantation. NYHA functional classes: 3.71 ± 0.49, 2.57 ± 1.13 (p=0.011), 3.0 ± 1.29 and 3.86 ± 0.38. Ejection fraction: 25.17 ± 6.15, 35.5 ± 8.41 (p=0.013), 32.33 ± 7.12 and 26.17 ± 3.76. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter: 79.16 ± 10.85, 67.66 ± 9.2, 65.83 ± 9.57 e 64.25±8.99. Maximum VO2 was 8.12 ± 3.47 pre-VPE and increased to 13.2 ± 7.75 at six months (p=0.068). Quality of life scores: 4.29 ± 1.25, 3.0 ± 1.41 (p=0.050), 3.29 ± 1.8 e 4.57 ± 1.13. 7/53 patients (13.20%) were subsequently transplanted. Survival time, from PLV up to TX ranged from 7 to 33 months (18.71±11.78). Follow-up was 100%. CONCLUSION: Improvement in quality of life, NYHA functional classes and maximum VO2 consumption, as well as increase in ejection fraction and sustained decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, in short-term, can benefit patients previously excluded from TX and bring them back to the awaiting list. However, high immediate mortality rates in overall casuistry can limit its routine indication as a biological bridge to transplantation.

O tratamento clínico das dissecções agudas da aorta do tipo B tem mortalidade em torno de 25% menor que a mortalidade cirúrgica. O tratamento cirúrgico das dissecções crônicas também produz uma morbidade e mortalidade elevadas. A utilização de "stents"auto-expansíveis endovasculares pode ser uma nova alternativa no tratamento destas lesões. De abril a dezembro de 1998 foram implantados 15 "stents" endovasculares, 10 em dissecções agudas e 5 em crônicas. A idade dos pacientes variou entre 48 e 75 anos (média=60,53±9,73 anos) com 66,6% do sexo masculino. Os pacientes foram submetidos à esternotomia mediana, circulação extracorpórea (CEC) com hipotermia profunda (18° - 20°C), parada circulatória total (PCT) e perfusão cerebral retrógrada (PCR). A aorta transversa foi incisada e implantado o "stent" na aorta descendente sob auxílio de aortoscopia. Foram analisados os tempos de CEC, pinçamento aórtico, PCT, PCR, reaquecimento, ventilação mecânica, internação, sangramento trans e pós-operatório, reposição sangüínea, gasometria, curva de eventos e sobrevida. A mortalidade hospitalar (30 dias) foi de 6,6%; 2 pacientes foram reoperados com 3 e 6 meses após a operação com dissecção da aorta ascendente e aneurisma roto distal ao "stent". Quatorze vêm sendo acompanhados com 1 a 8m de evolução, sendo que 85,7% estão livres de eventos e curva de sobrevida de 93,1%(240 dias). Concluímos que o implante de "stent"intraluminais auto-expansíveis apresentou mortalidade menor na fase aguda da doença (6,6%) comparada à nossa experiência anterior com o tratamento clínico (30%). Apesar da amostra ser pequena, o procedimento parece ser promissor e necessita mais acompanhamento.

The clinical treatment of acute type B aortic dissection has a mortality of about 25%, therefore, less than surgical mortality. The surgical treatment of chronic dissections also produces a high morbidity and mortality. The use of self-expanding endovascular stents offers a new alternative for the treatment of this disease. From April to December 1998, 15 endovascular stent grafts were implanted, 10 in acute dissections and 5 in chronic aneurysms. Ages ranged from 48 to 75 years (mean = 60.53±9.73 years), with 66.6% males. The patients were submitted to medium sternotomy, extracorporeal circulation (ECC), with deep hipothermia (18°-20°C), total circulatory arrest (TCA), and retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP). The transverse aorta was incised and the stent was implanted in the descending proximal aorta with the aid of aortoscopy. The times of ECC, aortic clamping, TCA, RCP, rewarming, mechanic ventilation, hospitalization, trans and post-operative bleeding, blood replacement, arterial samples, event curve and survival curve were analysed. The hospital mortality (30 days) was 6.6%; two patients were reoperated 3 and 6 months after surgery with aortic ascending dissection and new distal aneurysm to the stent, 14 have been followed up from 1 to 8 months post-operative, 85.7% are free of events with a survival curve of 93.1% (240 days). We conclude that the self-expanding intraluminal stents implant presented a lower mortality during the acute stage of the disease (6.6%) compared to our previous experience with clinical treatment (30%). In spite of the small sample the procedure seems to be promising and needs more follow up.